Reality bites. Global downturn hits disruption leaders in Europe and China.

The current plethora of negative global events weighed heavily on the previous leaders China and the Netherlands being pushed down the rankings. Several countries, including new leader Singapore and India, posted big improvements due to strong performance in the mobility indicators, 5G coverage and high proportion of shared vehicles, while Saudi Arabia was boosted by the growing trend for electrification. Moreover, the twelfth edition of the ADR includes analyses of four topical disruption themes, namely: car-as-a-service business model, mobility solutions, autonomous driving and the ongoing battle between OEMs and New players.